\(\renewcommand{\AA}{\text{Å}}\)
pair_style lj/expand/sphere command
Accelerator Variant: lj/expand/sphere/omp
Syntax
pair_style style args
style = lj/expand/sphere
args = list of arguments for a particular style
lj/expand/sphere args = cutoff cutoff = global cutoff for Lennard Jones interactions (distance units)
Examples
pair_style lj/expand/sphere 2.5
pair_coeff * * 1.0 1.0
pair_coeff 1 1 1.1 0.4 2.8
Description
New in version 15Jun2023.
The lj/expand/sphere style compute a 12/6 Lennard-Jones potential with a distance shifted by \(\Delta = \frac{1}{2} (d_i + d_j)\), the average diameter of both atoms. This can be used to model particles of different sizes but same interactions, which is different from using different sigma values as in pair style lj/cut/sphere.
\(r_c\) is the cutoff which does not include the distance \(\Delta\). I.e. the actual force cutoff is the sum \(r_c + \Delta\).
This is the same potential function used by the lj/expand pair style, but the \(\Delta\) parameter is not set as a per-type parameter via the pair_coeff command. Instead it is calculated individually for each pair using the per-atom diameter attribute of atom_style sphere for the two atoms as the average diameter, \(\Delta = \frac{1}{2} (d_i + d_j)\)
Note that \(\sigma\) is defined in the LJ formula above as the zero-crossing distance for the potential, not as the energy minimum which is at \(2^{\frac{1}{6}} \sigma\).
Notes on cutoffs, neighbor lists, and efficiency
If your system is mildly polydisperse, meaning the ratio of the diameter of the largest particle to the smallest is less than 2.0, then the neighbor lists built by the code should be reasonably efficient. Which means they will not contain too many particle pairs that do not interact. However, if your system is highly polydisperse (ratio > 2.0), the neighbor list build and force computations may be inefficient. There are two ways to try and speed up the simulations.
The first is to assign atoms to different atom types so that atoms of each type are similar in size. E.g. if particle diameters range from 1 to 5 use 4 atom types, ensuring atoms of type 1 have diameters from 1.0-2.0, type 2 from 2.0-3.0, etc. This will reduce the number of non-interacting pairs in the neighbor lists and thus reduce the time spent on computing pairwise interactions.
The second is to use the neighbor multi command which enabled a different algorithm for building neighbor lists. This will also require that you assign multiple atom types according to diameters, but will in addition use a more efficient size-dependent strategy to construct the neighbor lists and thus reduce the time spent on building neighbor lists.
Here are example input script commands using the first option for a highly polydisperse system:
units lj
atom_style sphere
lattice fcc 0.8442
region box block 0 10 0 10 0 10
create_box 2 box
create_atoms 1 box
# create atoms with random diameters from bimodal distribution
variable switch atom random(0.0,1.0,345634)
variable diam atom (v_switch<0.75)*normal(0.2,0.04,325)+(v_switch>=0.7)*normal(0.6,0.2,453)
set group all diameter v_diam
# assign type 2 to atoms with diameter > 0.35
variable large atom (2.0*radius)>0.35
group large variable large
set group large type 2
pair_style lj/expand/sphere 2.0
pair_coeff * * 1.0 0.5
neighbor 0.3 bin
Using multiple atom types speeds up the calculation for this example by more than 30 percent, but using the multi-style neighbor list does not provide a speedup.
Coefficients
The following coefficients must be defined for each pair of atoms types via the pair_coeff command as in the examples above, or in the data file or restart files read by the read_data or read_restart commands, or by mixing as described below:
\(\epsilon\) (energy units)
\(\sigma\) (distance units)
LJ cutoff (distance units) (optional)
The last coefficient is optional. If not specified, the global LJ cutoff specified in the pair_style command is used.
Styles with a gpu, intel, kk, omp, or opt suffix are functionally the same as the corresponding style without the suffix. They have been optimized to run faster, depending on your available hardware, as discussed on the Accelerator packages page. The accelerated styles take the same arguments and should produce the same results, except for round-off and precision issues.
These accelerated styles are part of the GPU, INTEL, KOKKOS, OPENMP, and OPT packages, respectively. They are only enabled if LAMMPS was built with those packages. See the Build package page for more info.
You can specify the accelerated styles explicitly in your input script by including their suffix, or you can use the -suffix command-line switch when you invoke LAMMPS, or you can use the suffix command in your input script.
See the Accelerator packages page for more instructions on how to use the accelerated styles effectively.
Mixing, shift, table, tail correction, restart, rRESPA info
For atom type pairs I,J and I != J, the epsilon, sigma, and cutoff coefficients for the lj/expand/sphere pair style can be mixed. The default mixing style is geometric. See the pair_modify command for details.
The lj/expand/sphere pair style supports the pair_modify shift option for the energy of the Lennard-Jones portion of the pair interaction.
The lj/expand/sphere pair style does not support the pair_modify tail option for adding a long-range tail corrections to the energy and pressure.
The lj/expand/sphere pair style writes its information to binary restart files, so pair_style and pair_coeff commands do not need to be specified in an input script that reads a restart file.
This pair style can only be used via the pair keyword of the run_style respa command. It does not support the inner, middle, outer keywords.
Restrictions
The lj/expand/sphere pair style is only enabled if LAMMPS was built with the EXTRA-PAIR package. See the Build package page for more info.
Default
none