Shock initiation and ultrafast chemistry of RDX entrained inclusions

The inclusions significantly alter shock responses of crystalline explosives in macroscale gap experiments but their microscale dynamics origin remains unclear. Herein some microscopic 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) models entrained various inclusions were fabricated. The shock-induced energy localization process and initial chemical reactions were studied for RDX models entrained inclusions, and the microscopic atomic origin of the inclusion effects was revealed. The atomic origin of inclusion effects on energy localization is dependent on the dynamics mechanism of interfacial molecules with free space volume, which includes homogeneous intermolecular compression, interfacial impact and shear, and void collapse and jet. It’s indicated that energy localization and shock reaction were affected by the intrinsic factors within inclusions, i.e., phase states, chemical compositions, and concentrations. Adding chemical inclusions can reduce the effectiveness of the void during the shock impacting. The parent RDX decay rate in RDX entrained amorphous carbon is about one fourth of that in RDX with vacuum void. Solid HMX and TATB inclusions are more reactive than amorphous carbon impurity but less reactive than dry air or acetone inclusions.  This study sheds light on novel insights for understanding the shock-induced energy localization mechanism and its microscale physical-based atomic origin in crystalline RDX considering inclusion effects.